東鴻心情室

PREAMBLE
The States Parties to the present Covenant,
Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed
in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the
inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all
members of the human family is the foundation of freedom,
justice and peace in the world,
Recognizing that these rights derive from the inherent dignity
of the human person,
Recognizing that, in accordance with the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights, the ideal of free human beings enjoying civil
and political freedom and freedom from fear and want can only be
achieved if conditions are created whereby everyone may enjoy
his civil and political rights, as well as his economic, social
and cultural rights,
Considering the obligation of States under the Charter of the
United Nations to promote universal respect for, and observance
of, human rights and freedoms,
Realizing that the individual, having duties to other
individuals and to the community to which he belongs, is under a
responsibility to strive for the promotion and observance of the
rights recognized in the present Covenant,
Agree upon the following articles:
PART I
Article 1
1. All peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue
   of that right they freely determine their political status
   and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural
   development.
2. All peoples may, for their own ends, freely dispose of their
   natural wealth and resources without prejudice to any
   obligations arising out of international economic
   co-operation, based upon the principle of mutual benefit, and
   international law. In no case may a people be deprived of its
   own means of subsistence.
3. The States Parties to the present Covenant, including those
   having responsibility for the administration of
   Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories, shall promote the
   realization of the right of self-determination, and shall
   respect that right, in conformity with the provisions of the
   Charter of the United Nations.
PART II
Article 2
1. Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to
   respect and to ensure to all individuals within its territory
   and subject to its jurisdiction the rights recognized in the
   present Covenant, without distinction of any kind, such as
   race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other
   opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other
   status.
2. Where not already provided for by existing legislative or
   other measures, each State Party to the present Covenant
   undertakes to take the necessary steps, in accordance with
   its constitutional processes and with the provisions of the
   present Covenant, to adopt such legislative or other measures
   as may be necessary to give effect to the rights recognized
   in the present Covenant.
3. Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes:
(a) To ensure that any person whose rights or freedoms as herein
    recognized are violated shall have an effective remedy,
    notwithstanding that the violation has been committed by
    persons acting in an official capacity;
(b) To ensure that any person claiming such a remedy shall have
    his right thereto determined by competent judicial,
    administrative or legislative authorities, or by any other
    competent authority provided for by the legal system of the
    State, and to develop the possibilities of judicial remedy;
(c) To ensure that the competent authorities shall enforce such
    remedies when granted.
Article 3
The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to ensure
the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all civil
and political rights set forth in the present Covenant.
Article 4
1. In time of public emergency which threatens the life of the
   nation and the existence of which is officially proclaimed,
   the States Parties to the present Covenant may take measures
   derogating from their obligations under the present Covenant
   to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the
   situation, provided that such measures are not inconsistent
   with their other obligations under international law and do
   not involve discrimination solely on the ground of race,
   colour, sex, language, religion or social origin.
2. No derogation from articles 6, 7, 8 (paragraphs 1 and 2), 11,
   15, 16 and 18 may be made under this provision.
3. Any State Party to the present Covenant availing itself of
   the right of derogation shall immediately inform the other
   States Parties to the present Covenant, through the
   intermediary of the Secretary-General of the United Nations,
   of the provisions from which it has derogated and of the
   reasons by which it was actuated. A further communication
   shall be made, through the same intermediary, on the date on
   which it terminates such derogation.
Article 5
1. Nothing in the present Covenant may be interpreted as
   implying for any State, group or person any right to engage
   in any activity or perform any act aimed at the destruction
   of any of the rights and freedoms recognized herein or at
   their limitation to a greater extent than is provided for in
   the present Covenant.
2. There shall be no restriction upon or derogation from any of
   the fundamental human rights recognized or existing in any
   State Party to the present Covenant pursuant to law,
   conventions, regulations or custom on the pretext that the
   present Covenant does not recognize such rights or that it
   recognizes them to a lesser extent.
PART III
Article 6
1. Every human being has the inherent right to life. This right
   shall be protected by law. No one shall be arbitrarily
   deprived of his life.
2. In countries which have not abolished the death penalty,
   sentence of death may be imposed only for the most serious
   crimes in accordance with the law in force at the time of the
   commission of the crime and not contrary to the provisions of
   the present Covenant and to the Convention on the Prevention
   and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. This penalty can
   only be carried out pursuant to a final judgement rendered by
   a competent court.
3. When deprivation of life constitutes the crime of genocide,
   it is understood that nothing in this article shall authorize
   any State Party to the present Covenant to derogate in any
   way from any obligation assumed under the provisions of the
   Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
   Genocide.
4. Anyone sentenced to death shall have the right to seek pardon
   or commutation of the sentence. Amnesty, pardon or
   commutation of the sentence of death may be granted in all
   cases.
5. Sentence of death shall not be imposed for crimes committed
   by persons below eighteen years of age and shall not be
   carried out on pregnant women.
6. Nothing in this article shall be invoked to delay or to
   prevent the abolition of capital punishment by any State
   Party to the present Covenant.
Article 7
No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or
degrading treatment or punishment. In particular, no one shall
be subjected without his free consent to medical or scientific
experimentation.
Article 8
1. No one shall be held in slavery; slavery and the slave-trade
   in all their forms shall be prohibited.
2. No one shall be held in servitude.
3.
(a) No one shall be required to perform forced or compulsory
    labour;
(b) Paragraph 3 (a) shall not be held to preclude, in countries
    where imprisonment with hard labour may be imposed as a
    punishment for a crime, the performance of hard labour in
    pursuance of a sentence to such punishment by a competent
    court;
(c) For the purpose of this paragraph the term "forced or
    compulsory labour" shall not include:
 (i) Any work or service, not referred to in sub-paragraph (b),
     normally required of a person who is under detention in
     consequence of a lawful order of a court, or of a person
     during conditional release from such detention;
 (ii) Any service of a military character and, in countries
      where conscientious objection is recognized, any national
      service required by law of conscientious objectors;
 (iii) Any service exacted in cases of emergency or calamity
       threatening the life or well-being of the community;
 (iv) Any work or service which forms part of normal civil
      obligations.
Article 9
1. Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No
   one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention. No
   one shall be deprived of his liberty except on such grounds
   and in accordance with such procedure as are established by
   law.
2. Anyone who is arrested shall be informed, at the time of
   arrest, of the reasons for his arrest and shall be promptly
   informed of any charges against him.
3. Anyone arrested or detained on a criminal charge shall be
   brought promptly before a judge or other officer authorized
   by law to exercise judicial power and shall be entitled to
   trial within a reasonable time or to release. It shall not be
   the general rule that persons awaiting trial shall be
   detained in custody, but release may be subject to guarantees
   to appear for trial, at any other stage of the judicial
   proceedings, and, should occasion arise, for execution of the
   judgement.
4. Anyone who is deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention
   shall be entitled to take proceedings before a court, in
   order that court may decide without delay on the lawfulness
   of his detention and order his release if the detention is
   not lawful.
5. Anyone who has been the victim of unlawful arrest or
   detention shall have an enforceable right to compensation.
Article 10
1. All persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated with
   humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the
   human person.
2.
(a) Accused persons shall, save in exceptional circumstances, be
    segregated from convicted persons and shall be subject to
    separate treatment appropriate to their status as
    unconvicted persons;
(b) Accused juvenile persons shall be separated from adults and
    brought as speedily as possible for adjudication.
3. The penitentiary system shall comprise treatment of prisoners
   the essential aim of which shall be their reformation and
   social rehabilitation. Juvenile offenders shall be segregated
   from adults and be accorded treatment appropriate to their
   age and legal status.
Article 11
No one shall be imprisoned merely on the ground of inability to
fulfil a contractual obligation.
Article 12
1. Everyone lawfully within the territory of a State shall,
   within that territory, have the right to liberty of movement
   and freedom to choose his residence.
2. Everyone shall be free to leave any country, including his
   own.
3. The above-mentioned rights shall not be subject to any
   restrictions except those which are provided by law, are
   necessary to protect national security, public order (ordre
   public), public health or morals or the rights and freedoms
   of others, and are consistent with the other rights
   recognized in the present Covenant.
4. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of the right to enter
   his own country.
Article 13
An alien lawfully in the territory of a State Party to the
present Covenant may be expelled therefrom only in pursuance of
a decision reached in accordance with law and shall, except
where compelling reasons of national security otherwise require,
be allowed to submit the reasons against his expulsion and to
have his case reviewed by, and be represented for the purpose
before, the competent authority or a person or persons
especially designated by the competent authority.
Article 14
1. All persons shall be equal before the courts and tribunals.
   In the determination of any criminal charge against him, or
   of his rights and obligations in a suit at law, everyone
   shall be entitled to a fair and public hearing by a
   competent, independent and impartial tribunal established by
   law. The press and the public may be excluded from all or
   part of a trial for reasons of morals, public order (ordre
   public) or national security in a democratic society, or when
   the interest of the private lives of the parties so requires,
   or to the extent strictly necessary in the opinion of the
   court in special circumstances where publicity would
   prejudice the interests of justice; but any judgement
   rendered in a criminal case or in a suit at law shall be made
   public except where the interest of juvenile persons
   otherwise requires or the proceedings concern matrimonial
   disputes or the guardianship of children.
2. Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall have the right
   to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law.
3. In the determination of any criminal charge against him,
   everyone shall be entitled to the following minimum
   guarantees, in full equality:
(a) To be informed promptly and in detail in a language which he
    understands of the nature and cause of the charge against
    him;
(b) To have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of
    his defence and to communicate with counsel of his own
    choosing;
(c) To be tried without undue delay;
(d) To be tried in his presence, and to defend himself in person
    or through legal assistance of his own choosing; to be
    informed, if he does not have legal assistance, of this
    right; and to have legal assistance assigned to him, in any
    case where the interests of justice so require, and without
    payment by him in any such case if he does not have
    sufficient means to pay for it;
(e) To examine, or have examined, the witnesses against him and
    to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his
    behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him;
(f) To have the free assistance of an interpreter if he cannot
    understand or speak the language used in court;
(g) Not to be compelled to testify against himself or to confess
    guilt.
4. In the case of juvenile persons, the procedure shall be such
   as will take account of their age and the desirability of
   promoting their rehabilitation.
5. Everyone convicted of a crime shall have the right to his
   conviction and sentence being reviewed by a higher tribunal
   according to law.
6. When a person has by a final decision been convicted of a
   criminal offence and when subsequently his conviction has
   been reversed or he has been pardoned on the ground that a
   new or newly discovered fact shows conclusively that there
   has been a miscarriage of justice, the person who has
   suffered punishment as a result of such conviction shall be
   compensated according to law, unless it is proved that the
   non-disclosure of the unknown fact in time is wholly or
   partly attributable to him.
7. No one shall be liable to be tried or punished again for an
   offence for which he has already been finally convicted or
   acquitted in accordance with the law and penal procedure of
   each country.
Article 15
1. No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on
   account of any act or omission which did not constitute a
   criminal offence, under national or international law, at the
   time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be
   imposed than the one that was applicable at the time when the
   criminal offence was committed. If, subsequent to the
   commission of the offence, provision is made by law for the
   imposition of the lighter penalty, the offender shall benefit
   thereby.
2. Nothing in this article shall prejudice the trial and
   punishment of any person for any act or omission which, at
   the time when it was committed, was criminal according to the
   general principles of law recognized by the community of
   nations.
Article 16
Everyone shall have the right to recognition everywhere as a
person before the law.
Article 17
1. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful
   interference with his privacy, family, home or
   correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his honour and
   reputation.
2. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against
   such interference or attacks.
Article 18
1. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought,
   conscience and religion. This right shall include freedom to
   have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice, and
   freedom, either individually or in community with others and
   in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in
   worship, observance, practice and teaching.
2. No one shall be subject to coercion which would impair his
   freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his
   choice.
3. Freedom to manifest one's religion or beliefs may be subject
   only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are
   necessary to protect public safety, order, health, or morals
   or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others.
4. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to have
   respect for the liberty of parents and, when applicable,
   legal guardians to ensure the religious and moral education
   of their children in conformity with their own convictions.
Article 19
1. Everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without
   interference.
2. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this
   right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart
   information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers,
   either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or
   through any other media of his choice.
3. The exercise of the rights provided for in paragraph 2 of
   this article carries with it special duties and
   responsibilities. It may therefore be subject to certain
   restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided by
   law and are necessary:
(a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others;
(b) For the protection of national security or of public order
    (ordre public), or of public health or morals.
Article 20
1. Any propaganda for war shall be prohibited by law.
2. Any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that
   constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or
   violence shall be prohibited by law.
Article 21
The right of peaceful assembly shall be recognized. No
restrictions may be placed on the exercise of this right other
than those imposed in conformity with the law and which are
necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national
security or public safety, public order (ordre public), the
protection of public health or morals or the protection of the
rights and freedoms of others.
Article 22
1. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of association with
   others, including the right to form and join trade unions for
   the protection of his interests.
2. No restrictions may be placed on the exercise of this right
   other than those which are prescribed by law and which are
   necessary in a democratic society in the interests of
   national security or public safety, public order (ordre
   public), the protection of public health or morals or the
   protection of the rights and freedoms of others. This article
   shall not prevent the imposition of lawful restrictions on
   members of the armed forces and of the police in their
   exercise of this right.
3. Nothing in this article shall authorize States Parties to the
   International Labour Organisation Convention of 1948
   concerning Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right
   to Organize to take legislative measures which would
   prejudice, or to apply the law in such a manner as to
   prejudice, the guarantees provided for in that Convention.
Article 23
1. The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of
   society and is entitled to protection by society and the
   State.
2. The right of men and women of marriageable age to marry and
   to found a family shall be recognized.
3. No marriage shall be entered into without the free and full
   consent of the intending spouses.
4. States Parties to the present Covenant shall take appropriate
   steps to ensure equality of rights and responsibilities of
   spouses as to marriage, during marriage and at its
   dissolution. In the case of dissolution, provision shall be
   made for the necessary protection of any children.
Article 24
1. Every child shall have, without any discrimination as to
   race, colour, sex, language, religion, national or social
   origin, property or birth, the right to such measures of
   protection as are required by his status as a minor, on the
   part of his family, society and the State.
2. Every child shall be registered immediately after birth and
   shall have a name.
3. Every child has the right to acquire a nationality.
Article 25
Every citizen shall have the right and the opportunity, without
any of the distinctions mentioned in article 2 and without
unreasonable restrictions:
(a) To take part in the conduct of public affairs, directly or
    through freely chosen representatives;
(b) To vote and to be elected at genuine periodic elections
    which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be
    held by secret ballot, guaranteeing the free expression of
    the will of the electors;
(c) To have access, on general terms of equality, to public
    service in his country.
Article 26
All persons are equal before the law and are entitled without
any discrimination to the equal protection of the law. In this
respect, the law shall prohibit any discrimination and guarantee
to all persons equal and effective protection against
discrimination on any ground such as race, colour, sex,
language, religion, political or other opinion, national or
social origin, property, birth or other status.
Article 27
In those States in which ethnic, religious or linguistic
minorities exist, persons belonging to such minorities shall not
be denied the right, in community with the other members of
their group, to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practise
their own religion, or to use their own language.
PART IV
Article 28
1. There shall be established a Human Rights Committee
   (hereafter referred to in the present Covenant as the
   Committee). It shall consist of eighteen members and shall
   carry out the functions hereinafter provided.
2. The Committee shall be composed of nationals of the States
   Parties to the present Covenant who shall be persons of high
   moral character and recognized competence in the field of
   human rights, consideration being given to the usefulness of
   the participation of some persons having legal experience.
3. The members of the Committee shall be elected and shall serve
   in their personal capacity.
Article 29
1. The members of the Committee shall be elected by secret
   ballot from a list of persons possessing the qualifications
   prescribed in article 28 and nominated for the purpose by the
   States Parties to the present Covenant.
2. Each State Party to the present Covenant may nominate not
   more than two persons. These persons shall be nationals of
   the nominating State.
3. A person shall be eligible for renomination.
Article 30
1. The initial election shall be held no later than six months
   after the date of the entry into force of the present
   Covenant.
2. At least four months before the date of each election to the
   Committee, other than an election to fill a vacancy declared
   in accordance with article 34, the Secretary-General of the
   United Nations shall address a written invitation to the
   States Parties to the present Covenant to submit their
   nominations for membership of the Committee within three
   months.
3. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall prepare a
   list in alphabetical order of all the persons thus nominated,
   with an indication of the States Parties which have nominated
   them, and shall submit it to the States Parties to the
   present Covenant no later than one month before the date of
   each election.
4. Elections of the members of the Committee shall be held at a
   meeting of the States Parties to the present Covenant
   convened by the Secretary General of the United Nations at
   the Headquarters of the United Nations. At that meeting, for
   which two thirds of the States Parties to the present
   Covenant shall constitute a quorum, the persons elected to
   the Committee shall be those nominees who obtain the largest
   number of votes and an absolute majority of the votes of the
   representatives of States Parties present and voting.
Article 31
1. The Committee may not include more than one national of the
   same State.
2. In the election of the Committee, consideration shall be
   given to equitable geographical distribution of membership
   and to the representation of the different forms of
   civilization and of the principal legal systems.
Article 32
1. The members of the Committee shall be elected for a term of
   four years. They shall be eligible for re-election if
   renominated. However, the terms of nine of the members
   elected at the first election shall expire at the end of two
   years; immediately after the first election, the names of
   these nine members shall be chosen by lot by the Chairman of
   the meeting referred to in article 30, paragraph 4.
2. Elections at the expiry of office shall be held in accordance
   with the preceding articles of this part of the present
   Covenant.
Article 33
1. If, in the unanimous opinion of the other members, a member
   of the Committee has ceased to carry out his functions for
   any cause other than absence of a temporary character, the
   Chairman of the Committee shall notify the Secretary-General
   of the United Nations, who shall then declare the seat of
   that member to be vacant.
2. In the event of the death or the resignation of a member of
   the Committee, the Chairman shall immediately notify the
   Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall declare
   the seat vacant from the date of death or the date on which
   the resignation takes effect.
Article 34
1. When a vacancy is declared in accordance with article 33 and
   if the term of office of the member to be replaced does not
   expire within six months of the declaration of the vacancy,
   the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall notify each
   of the States Parties to the present Covenant, which may
   within two months submit nominations in accordance with
   article 29 for the purpose of filling the vacancy.
2. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall prepare a
   list in alphabetical order of the persons thus nominated and
   shall submit it to the States Parties to the present
   Covenant. The election to fill the vacancy shall then take
   place in accordance with the relevant provisions of this part
   of the present Covenant.
3. A member of the Committee elected to fill a vacancy declared
   in accordance with article 33 shall hold office for the
   remainder of the term of the member who vacated the seat on
   the Committee under the provisions of that article.
Article 35
The members of the Committee shall, with the approval of the
General Assembly of the United Nations, receive emoluments from
United Nations resources on such terms and conditions as the
General Assembly may decide, having regard to the importance of
the Committee's responsibilities.
Article 36
The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall provide the
necessary staff and facilities for the effective performance of
the functions of the Committee under the present Covenant.
Article 37
1. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall convene the
   initial meeting of the Committee at the Headquarters of the
   United Nations.
2. After its initial meeting, the Committee shall meet at such
   times as shall be provided in its rules of procedure.
3. The Committee shall normally meet at the Headquarters of the
   United Nations or at the United Nations Office at Geneva.
Article 38
Every member of the Committee shall, before taking up his
duties, make a solemn declaration in open committee that he will
perform his functions impartially and conscientiously.
Article 39
1. The Committee shall elect its officers for a term of two
   years. They may be re-elected.
2. The Committee shall establish its own rules of procedure, but
   these rules shall provide, inter alia, that:
(a) Twelve members shall constitute a quorum;
(b) Decisions of the Committee shall be made by a majority vote
    of the members present.
Article 40
1. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to
   submit reports on the measures they have adopted which give
   effect to the rights recognized herein and on the progress
   made in the enjoyment of those rights:
(a) Within one year of the entry into force of the present
    Covenant for the States Parties concerned;
(b) Thereafter whenever the Committee so requests.
2. All reports shall be submitted to the Secretary-General of
   the United Nations, who shall transmit them to the Committee
   for consideration. Reports shall indicate the factors and
   difficulties, if any, affecting the implementation of the
   present Covenant.
3. The Secretary-General of the United Nations may, after
   consultation with the Committee, transmit to the specialized
   agencies concerned copies of such parts of the reports as may
   fall within their field of competence.
4. The Committee shall study the reports submitted by the States
   Parties to the present Covenant. It shall transmit its
   reports, and such general comments as it may consider
   appropriate, to the States Parties. The Committee may also
   transmit to the Economic and Social Council these comments
   along with the copies of the reports it has received from
   States Parties to the present Covenant.
5. The States Parties to the present Covenant may submit to the
   Committee observations on any comments that may be made in
   accordance with paragraph 4 of this article.
Article 41
1. A State Party to the present Covenant may at any time declare
   under this article that it recognizes the competence of the
   Committee to receive and consider communications to the
   effect that a State Party claims that another State Party is
   not fulfilling its obligations under the present Covenant.
   Communications under this article may be received and
   considered only if submitted by a State Party which has made
   a declaration recognizing in regard to itself the competence
   of the Committee. No communication shall be received by the
   Committee if it concerns a State Party which has not made
   such a declaration. Communications received under this
   article shall be dealt with in accordance with the following
   procedure:
(a) If a State Party to the present Covenant considers that
    another State Party is not giving effect to the provisions
    of the present Covenant, it may, by written communication,
    bring the matter to the attention of that State Party.
    Within three months after the receipt of the communication
    the receiving State shall afford the State which sent the
    communication an explanation, or any other statement in
    writing clarifying the matter which should include, to the
    extent possible and pertinent, reference to domestic
    procedures and remedies taken, pending, or available in the
    matter;
(b) If the matter is not adjusted to the satisfaction of both
    States Parties concerned within six months after the receipt
    by the receiving State of the initial communication, either
    State shall have the right to refer the matter to the
    Committee, by notice given to the Committee and to the other
    State;
(c) The Committee shall deal with a matter referred to it only
    after it has ascertained that all available domestic
    remedies have been invoked and exhausted in the matter, in
    conformity with the generally recognized principles of
    international law. This shall not be the rule where the
    application of the remedies is unreasonably prolonged;
(d) The Committee shall hold closed meetings when examining
    ommunications under this article;
(e) Subject to the provisions of sub-paragraph (c), the
    Committee shall make available its good offices to the
    States Parties concerned with a view to a friendly solution
    of the matter on the basis of respect for human rights and
    fundamental freedoms as recognized in the present Covenant;
(f) In any matter referred to it, the Committee may call upon
    the States Parties concerned, referred to in subparagraph
    (b), to supply any relevant information;
(g) The States Parties concerned, referred to in sub-paragraph
    (b), shall have the right to be represented when the matter
    is being considered in the Committee and to make submissions
    orally and/or in writing;
(h) The Committee shall, within twelve months after the date of
    receipt of notice under sub-paragraph (b), submit a report:
 (i) If a solution within the terms of sub-paragraph (e) is
     reached, the Committee shall confine its report to a brief
     statement of the facts and of the solution reached;
 (ii) If a solution within the terms of sub-paragraph (e) is not
      reached, the Committee shall confine its report to a brief
      statement of the facts; the written submissions and record
      of the oral submissions made by the States Parties
      concerned shall be attached to the report.
   In every matter, the report shall be communicated to the
   States Parties concerned.
2. The provisions of this article shall come into force when ten
   States Parties to the present Covenant have made declarations
   under paragraph 1 of this article. Such declarations shall be
   deposited by the States Parties with the Secretary-General of
   the United Nations, who shall transmit copies thereof to the
   other States Parties. A declaration may be withdrawn at any
   time by notification to the Secretary-General. Such a
   withdrawal shall not prejudice the consideration of any
   matter which is the subject of a communication already
   transmitted under this article; no further communication by
   any State Party shall be received after the notification of
   withdrawal of the declaration has been received by the
   Secretary-General, unless the State Party concerned has made
   a new declaration.
Article 42
1.
(a) If a matter referred to the Committee in accordance with
    article 41 is not resolved to the satisfaction of the States
    Parties concerned, the Committee may, with the prior consent
    of the States Parties concerned, appoint an ad hoc
    Conciliation Commission (hereinafter referred to as the
    Commission). The good offices of the Commission shall be
    made available to the States Parties concerned with a view
    to an amicable solution of the matter on the basis of
    respect for the present Covenant;
(b) The Commission shall consist of five persons acceptable to
    the States Parties concerned. If the States Parties
    concerned fail to reach agreement within three months on all
    or part of the composition of the Commission, the members of
    the Commission concerning whom no agreement has been reached
    shall be elected by secret ballot by a two-thirds majority
    vote of the Committee from among its members.
2. The members of the Commission shall serve in their personal
   capacity. They shall not be nationals of the States Parties
   concerned, or of a State not Party to the present Covenant,
   or of a State Party which has not made a declaration under
   article 41.
3. The Commission shall elect its own Chairman and adopt its own
   rules of procedure.
4. The meetings of the Commission shall normally be held at the
   Headquarters of the United Nations or at the United Nations
   Office at Geneva. However, they may be held at such other
   convenient places as the Commission may determine in
   consultation with the Secretary-General of the United Nations
   and the States Parties concerned.
5. The secretariat provided in accordance with article 36 shall
   also service the commissions appointed under this article.
6. The information received and collated by the Committee shall
   be made available to the Commission and the Commission may
   call upon the States Parties concerned to supply any other
   relevant information.
7. When the Commission has fully considered the matter, but in
   any event not later than twelve months after having been
   seized of the matter, it shall submit to the Chairman of the
   Committee a report for communication to the States Parties
   concerned:
(a) If the Commission is unable to complete its consideration of
    the matter within twelve months, it shall confine its report
    to a brief statement of the status of its consideration of
    the matter;
(b) If an amicable solution to the matter on the basis of
    respect for human rights as recognized in the present
    Covenant is reached, the Commission shall confine its report
    to a brief statement of the facts and of the solution
    reached;
(c) If a solution within the terms of sub-paragraph (b) is not
    reached, the Commission's report shall embody its findings
    on all questions of fact relevant to the issues between the
    States Parties concerned, and its views on the possibilities
    of an amicable solution of the matter. This report shall
    also contain the written submissions and a record of the
    oral submissions made by the States Parties concerned;
(d) If the Commission's report is submitted under sub-paragraph
    (c), the States Parties concerned shall, within three months
    of the receipt of the report, notify the Chairman of the
    Committee whether or not they accept the contents of the
    report of the Commission.
8. The provisions of this article are without prejudice to the
   responsibilities of the Committee under article 41.
9. The States Parties concerned shall share equally all the
   expenses of the members of the Commission in accordance with
   estimates to be provided by the Secretary-General of the
   United Nations.
10. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be
    empowered to pay the expenses of the members of the
    Commission, if necessary, before reimbursement by the States
    Parties concerned, in accordance with paragraph 9 of this
    article.
Article 43
The members of the Committee, and of the ad hoc conciliation
commissions which may be appointed under article 42, shall be
entitled to the facilities, privileges and immunities of experts
on mission for the United Nations as laid down in the relevant
sections of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of
the United Nations.
Article 44
The provisions for the implementation of the present Covenant
shall apply without prejudice to the procedures prescribed in
the field of human rights by or under the constituent
instruments and the conventions of the United Nations and of the
specialized agencies and shall not prevent the States Parties to
the present Covenant from having recourse to other procedures
for settling a dispute in accordance with general or special
international agreements in force between them.
Article 45
The Committee shall submit to the General Assembly of the United
Nations, through the Economic and Social Council, an annual
report on its activities.
PART V
Article 46
Nothing in the present Covenant shall be interpreted as
impairing the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations
and of the constitutions of the specialized agencies which
define the respective responsibilities of the various organs of
the United Nations and of the specialized agencies in regard to
the matters dealt with in the present Covenant.
Article 47
Nothing in the present Covenant shall be interpreted as
impairing the inherent right of all peoples to enjoy and utilize
fully and freely their natural wealth and resources.
PART VI
Article 48
1. The present Covenant is open for signature by any State
   Member of the United Nations or member of any of its
   specialized agencies, by any State Party to the Statute of
   the International Court of Justice, and by any other State
   which has been invited by the General Assembly of the United
   Nations to become a Party to the present Covenant.
2. The present Covenant is subject to ratification. Instruments
   of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General
   of the United Nations.
3. The present Covenant shall be open to accession by any State
   referred to in paragraph 1 of this article.
4. Accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument
   of accession with the Secretary-General of the United
   Nations.
5. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall inform all
   States which have signed this Covenant or acceded to it of
   the deposit of each instrument of ratification or accession.
Article 49
1. The present Covenant shall enter into force three months
   after the date of the deposit with the Secretary-General of
   the United Nations of the thirty-fifth instrument of
   ratification or instrument of accession.
2. For each State ratifying the present Covenant or acceding to
   it after the deposit of the thirty-fifth instrument of
   ratification or instrument of accession, the present Covenant
   shall enter into force three months after the date of the
   deposit of its own instrument of ratification or instrument
   of accession.
Article 50
The provisions of the present Covenant shall extend to all parts
of federal States without any limitations or exceptions.
Article 51
1. Any State Party to the present Covenant may propose an
   amendment and file it with the Secretary General of the
   United Nations. The Secretary-General of the United Nations
   shall thereupon communicate any proposed amendments to the
   States Parties to the present Covenant with a request that
   they notify him whether they favour a conference of States
   Parties for the purpose of considering and voting upon the
   proposals. In the event that at least one third of the States
   Parties favours such a conference, the Secretary-General
   shall convene the conference under the auspices of the United
   Nations. Any amendment adopted by a majority of the States
   Parties present and voting at the conference shall be
   submitted to the General Assembly of the United Nations for
   approval.
2. Amendments shall come into force when they have been approved
   by the General Assembly of the United Nations and accepted by
   a two-thirds majority of the States Parties to the present
   Covenant in accordance with their respective constitutional
   processes.
3. When amendments come into force, they shall be binding on
   those States Parties which have accepted them, other States
   Parties still being bound by the provisions of the present
   Covenant and any earlier amendment which they have accepted.
Article 52
Irrespective of the notifications made under article 48,
paragraph 5, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall
inform all States referred to in paragraph 1 of the same article
of the following particulars:
(a) Signatures, ratifications and accessions under article 48;
(b) The date of the entry into force of the present Covenant
    under article 49 and the date of the entry into force of any
    amendments under article 51.
Article 53
1. The present Covenant, of which the Chinese, English, French,
   Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be
   deposited in the archives of the United Nations.
2. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall transmit
   certified copies of the present Covenant to all States
   referred to in article 48.
IN FAITH WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorized thereto
by their respective Governments, have signed the present
Covenant, opened for signature at New York, on the nineteenth
day of December, one thousand nine hundred and sixty-six.

Preamble
The States Parties to the present Covenant,
Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed
in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the
inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all
members of the human family is the foundation of freedom,
justice and peace in the world,
Recognizing that these rights derive from the inherent dignity
of the human person,
Recognizing that, in accordance with the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights, the ideal of free human beings enjoying freedom
from fear and want can only be achieved if conditions are
created whereby everyone may enjoy his economic, social and
cultural rights, as well as his civil and political rights,
Considering the obligation of States under the Charter of the
United Nations to promote universal respect for, and observance
of, human rights and freedoms,
Realizing that the individual, having duties to other
individuals and to the community to which he belongs, is under a
responsibility to strive for the promotion and observance of the
rights recognized in the present Covenant,
Agree upon the following articles:
PART I
Article 1
1. All peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue
   of that right they freely determine their political status
   and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural
   development.
2. All peoples may, for their own ends, freely dispose of their
   natural wealth and resources without prejudice to any
   obligations arising out of international economic
   co-operation, based upon the principle of mutual benefit, and
   international law. In no case may a people be deprived of its
   own means of subsistence.
3. The States Parties to the present Covenant, including those
   having responsibility for the administration of
   Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories, shall promote the
   realization of the right of self-determination, and shall
   respect that right, in conformity with the provisions of the
   Charter of the United Nations.
PART II
Article 2
1. Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to take
   steps, individually and through international assistance and
   co-operation, especially economic and technical, to the
   maximum of its available resources, with a view to achieving
   progressively the full realization of the rights recognized
   in the present Covenant by all appropriate means, including
   particularly the adoption of legislative measures.
2. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to
   guarantee that the rights enunciated in the present Covenant
   will be exercised without discrimination of any kind as to
   race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other
   opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other
   status.
3. Developing countries, with due regard to human rights and
   their national economy, may determine to what extent they
   would guarantee the economic rights recognized in the present
   Covenant to non-nationals.
Article 3
The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to ensure
the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all
economic, social and cultural rights set forth in the present
Covenant.
Article 4
The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize that, in
the enjoyment of those rights provided by the State in
conformity with the present Covenant, the State may subject such
rights only to such limitations as are determined by law only in
so far as this may be compatible with the nature of these rights
and solely for the purpose of promoting the general welfare in a
democratic society.
Article 5
1. Nothing in the present Covenant may be interpreted as
   implying for any State, group or person any right to engage
   in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the
   destruction of any of the rights or freedoms recognized
   herein, or at their limitation to a greater extent than is
   provided for in the present Covenant.
2. No restriction upon or derogation from any of the fundamental
   human rights recognized or existing in any country in virtue
   of law, conventions, regulations or custom shall be admitted
   on the pretext that the present Covenant does not recognize
   such rights or that it recognizes them to a lesser extent.
PART III
Article 6
1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the
   right to work, which includes the right of everyone to the
   opportunity to gain his living by work which he freely
   chooses or accepts, and will take appropriate steps to
   safeguard this right.
2. The steps to be taken by a State Party to the present
   Covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall
   include technical and vocational guidance and training
   programmes, policies and techniques to achieve steady
   economic, social and cultural development and full and
   productive employment under conditions safeguarding
   fundamental political and economic freedoms to the
   individual.
Article 7
The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right
of everyone to the enjoyment of just and favourable conditions
of work which ensure, in particular:
(a) Remuneration which provides all workers, as a minimum, with:
  (i) Fair wages and equal remuneration for work of equal value
      without distinction of any kind, in particular women being
      guaranteed conditions of work not inferior to those
      enjoyed by men, with equal pay for equal work;
  (ii) A decent living for themselves and their families in
       accordance with the provisions of the present Covenant;
(b) Safe and healthy working conditions;
(c) Equal opportunity for everyone to be promoted in his
    employment to an appropriate higher level, subject to no
    considerations other than those of seniority and competence;
(d) Rest, leisure and reasonable limitation of working hours and
    periodic holidays with pay, as well as remuneration for
    public holidays
Article 8
1. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to
   ensure:
(a) The right of everyone to form trade unions and join the
    trade union of his choice, subject only to the rules of the
    organization concerned, for the promotion and protection of
    his economic and social interests. No restrictions may be
    placed on the exercise of this right other than those
    prescribed by law and which are necessary in a democratic
    society in the interests of national security or public
    order or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of
    others;
(b) The right of trade unions to establish national federations
    or confederations and the right of the latter to form or
    join international trade-union organizations;
(c) The right of trade unions to function freely subject to no
    limitations other than those prescribed by law and which are
    necessary in a democratic society in the interests of
    national security or public order or for the protection of
    the rights and freedoms of others;
(d) The right to strike, provided that it is exercised in
    conformity with the laws of the particular country.
2. This article shall not prevent the imposition of lawful
   restrictions on the exercise of these rights by members of
   the armed forces or of the police or of the administration of
   the State.
3. Nothing in this article shall authorize States Parties to the
   International Labour Organisation Convention of 1948
   concerning Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right
   to Organize to take legislative measures which would
   prejudice, or apply the law in such a manner as would
   prejudice, the guarantees provided for in that Convention.
Article 9
The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right
of everyone to social security, including social insurance.
Article 10
The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize that:
1. The widest possible protection and assistance should be
   accorded to the family, which is the natural and fundamental
   group unit of society, particularly for its establishment and
   while it is responsible for the care and education of
   dependent children. Marriage must be entered into with the
   free consent of the intending spouses.
2. Special protection should be accorded to mothers during a
   reasonable period before and after childbirth. During such
   period working mothers should be accorded paid leave or leave
   with adequate social security benefits.
3. Special measures of protection and assistance should be taken
   on behalf of all children and young persons without any
   discrimination for reasons of parentage or other conditions.
   Children and young persons should be protected from economic
   and social exploitation. Their employment in work harmful to
   their morals or health or dangerous to life or likely to
   hamper their normal development should be punishable by law.
   States should also set age limits below which the paid
   employment of child labour should be prohibited and
   punishable by law.
Article 11  
1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the
   right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for
   himself and his family, including adequate food, clothing and
   housing, and to the continuous improvement of living
   conditions. The States Parties will take appropriate steps to
   ensure the realization of this right, recognizing to this
   effect the essential importance of international co-operation
   based on free consent.
2. The States Parties to the present Covenant, recognizing the
   fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger, shall
   take, individually and through international co-operation,
   the measures, including specific programmes, which are
   needed:
(a) To improve methods of production, conservation and
    distribution of food by making full use of technical and
    scientific knowledge, by disseminating knowledge of the
    principles of nutrition and by developing or reforming
    agrarian systems in such a way as to achieve the most
    efficient development and utilization of natural resources;
(b) Taking into account the problems of both food-importing and
    food-exporting countries, to ensure an equitable
    distribution of world food supplies in relation to need.
Article 12
1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the
   right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable
   standard of physical and mental health.
2. The steps to be taken by the States Parties to the present
   Covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall
   include those necessary for:
(a) The provision for the reduction of the stillbirth-rate and
    of infant mortality and for the healthy development of the
    child;
(b) The improvement of all aspects of environmental and
    industrial hygiene;
(c) The prevention, treatment and control of epidemic, endemic,
    occupational and other diseases;
(d) The creation of conditions which would assure to all medical
    service and medical attention in the event of sickness.
Article 13  
1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the
   right of everyone to education. They agree that education
   shall be directed to the full development of the human
   personality and the sense of its dignity, and shall
   strengthen the respect for human rights and fundamental
   freedoms. They further agree that education shall enable all
   persons to participate effectively in a free society, promote
   understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations and
   all racial, ethnic or religious groups, and further the
   activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of
   peace.
2. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize that,
   with a view to achieving the full realization of this right:
(a) Primary education shall be compulsory and available free to
    all;
(b) Secondary education in its different forms, including
    technical and vocational secondary education, shall be made
    generally available and accessible to all by every
    appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive
    introduction of free education;
(c) Higher education shall be made equally accessible to all, on
    the basis of capacity, by every appropriate means, and in
    particular by the progressive introduction of free
    education;
(d) Fundamental education shall be encouraged or intensified as
    far as possible for those persons who have not received or
    completed the whole period of their primary education;
(e) The development of a system of schools at all levels shall
    be actively pursued, an adequate fellowship system shall be
    established, and the material conditions of teaching staff
    shall be continuously improved.
3. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to have
   respect for the liberty of parents and, when applicable,
   legal guardians, to choose for their children schools, other
   than those established by the public authorities, which
   conform to such minimum educational standards as may be laid
   down or approved by the State and to ensure the religious and
   moral education of their children in conformity with their
   own convictions.
4. No part of this article shall be construed so as to interfere
   with the liberty of individuals and bodies to establish and
   direct educational institutions, subject always to the
   observance of the principles set forth in paragraph 1 of this
   article and to the requirement that the education given in
   such institutions shall conform to such minimum standards as
   may be laid down by the State.
Article 14  
Each State Party to the present Covenant which, at the time of
becoming a Party, has not been able to secure in its
metropolitan territory or other territories under its
jurisdiction compulsory primary education, free of charge,
undertakes, within two years, to work out and adopt a detailed
plan of action for the progressive implementation, within a
reasonable number of years, to be fixed in the plan, of the
principle of compulsory education free of charge for all.
Article 15
1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the
   right of everyone:
(a) To take part in cultural life;
(b) To enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its
    applications;
(c) To benefit from the protection of the moral and material
    interests resulting from any scientific, literary or
    artistic production of which he is the author.
2. The steps to be taken by the States Parties to the present
   Covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall
   include those necessary for the conservation, the development
   and the diffusion of science and culture.
3. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to
   respect the freedom indispensable for scientific research and
   creative activity.
4. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the
   benefits to be derived from the encouragement and development
   of international contacts and co-operation in the scientific
   and cultural fields.
PART IV
Article 16
1. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to
   submit in conformity with this part of the Covenant reports
   on the measures which they have adopted and the progress made
   in achieving the observance of the rights recognized herein.
2. (a) All reports shall be submitted to the Secretary-General
       of the United Nations, who shall transmit copies to the
       Economic and Social Council for consideration in
       accordance with the provisions of the present Covenant;
   (b) The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall also
       transmit to the specialized agencies copies of the
       reports, or any relevant parts therefrom, from States
       Parties to the present Covenant which are also members of
       these specialized agencies in so far as these reports, or
       parts therefrom, relate to any matters which fall within
       the responsibilities of the said agencies in accordance
       with their constitutional instruments.
Article 17
1. The States Parties to the present Covenant shall furnish
   their reports in stages, in accordance with a programme to be
   established by the Economic and Social Council within one
   year of the entry into force of the present Covenant after
   consultation with the States Parties and the specialized
   agencies concerned.
2. Reports may indicate factors and difficulties affecting the
   degree of fulfilment of obligations under the present
   Covenant.
3. Where relevant information has previously been furnished to
   the United Nations or to any specialized agency by any State
   Party to the present Covenant, it will not be necessary to
   reproduce that information, but a precise reference to the
   information so furnished will suffice.
Article 18
Pursuant to its responsibilities under the Charter of the United
Nations in the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms,
the Economic and Social Council may make arrangements with the
specialized agencies in respect of their reporting to it on the
progress made in achieving the observance of the provisions of
the present Covenant falling within the scope of their
activities. These reports may include particulars of decisions
and recommendations on such implementation adopted by their
competent organs.
Article 19
The Economic and Social Council may transmit to the Commission
on Human Rights for study and general recommendation or, as
appropriate, for information the reports concerning human rights
submitted by States in accordance with articles 16 and 17, and
those concerning human rights submitted by the specialized
agencies in accordance with article 18.
Article 20
The States Parties to the present Covenant and the specialized
agencies concerned may submit comments to the Economic and
Social Council on any general recommendation under article 19 or
reference to such general recommendation in any report of the
Commission on Human Rights or any documentation referred to
therein.
Article 21
The Economic and Social Council may submit from time to time to
the General Assembly reports with recommendations of a general
nature and a summary of the information received from the States
Parties to the present Covenant and the specialized agencies on
the measures taken and the progress made in achieving general
observance of the rights recognized in the present Covenant.
Article 22
The Economic and Social Council may bring to the attention of
other organs of the United Nations, their subsidiary organs and
specialized agencies concerned with furnishing technical
assistance any matters arising out of the reports referred to in
this part of the present Covenant which may assist such bodies
in deciding, each within its field of competence, on the
advisability of international measures likely to contribute to
the effective progressive implementation of the present
Covenant.
Article 23
The States Parties to the present Covenant agree that
international action for the achievement of the rights
recognized in the present Covenant includes such methods as the
conclusion of conventions, the adoption of recommendations, the
furnishing of technical assistance and the holding of regional
meetings and technical meetings for the purpose of consultation
and study organized in conjunction with the Governments
concerned.
Article 24
Nothing in the present Covenant shall be interpreted as
impairing the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations
and of the constitutions of the specialized agencies which
define the respective responsibilities of the various organs of
the United Nations and of the specialized agencies in regard to
the matters dealt with in the present Covenant.
Article 25
Nothing in the present Covenant shall be interpreted as
impairing the inherent right of all peoples to enjoy and utilize
fully and freely their natural wealth and resources.
PART V
Article 26
1. The present Covenant is open for signature by any State
   Member of the United Nations or member of any of its
   specialized agencies, by any State Party to the Statute of
   the International Court of Justice, and by any other State
   which has been invited by the General Assembly of the United
   Nations to become a party to the present Covenant.
2. The present Covenant is subject to ratification. Instruments
   of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General
   of the United Nations.
3. The present Covenant shall be open to accession by any State
   referred to in paragraph 1 of this article.
4. Accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument
   of accession with the Secretary-General of the United
   Nations.
5. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall inform all
   States which have signed the present Covenant or acceded to
   it of the deposit of each instrument of ratification or
   accession.
Article 27
1. The present Covenant shall enter into force three months
   after the date of the deposit with the Secretary-General of
   the United Nations of the thirty-fifth instrument of
   ratification or instrument of accession.
2. For each State ratifying the present Covenant or acceding to
   it after the deposit of the thirty-fifth instrument of
   ratification or instrument of accession, the present Covenant
   shall enter into force three months after the date of the
   deposit of its own instrument of ratification or instrument
   of accession.
Article 28
The provisions of the present Covenant shall extend to all parts
of federal States without any limitations or exceptions.
Article 29
1. Any State Party to the present Covenant may propose an
   amendment and file it with the Secretary-General of the
   United Nations. The Secretary-General shall thereupon
   communicate any proposed amendments to the States Parties to
   the present Covenant with a request that they notify him
   whether they favour a conference of States Parties for the
   purpose of considering and voting upon the proposals. In the
   event that at least one third of the States Parties favours
   such a conference, the Secretary-General shall convene the
   conference under the auspices of the United Nations. Any
   amendment adopted by a majority of the States Parties present
   and voting at the conference shall be submitted to the
   General Assembly of the United Nations for approval.
2. Amendments shall come into force when they have been approved
   by the General Assembly of the United Nations and accepted by
   a two-thirds majority of the States Parties to the present
   Covenant in accordance with their respective constitutional
   processes.
3. When amendments come into force they shall be binding on
   those States Parties which have accepted them, other States
   Parties still being bound by the provisions of the present
   Covenant and any earlier amendment which they have accepted.
Article 30
Irrespective of the notifications made under article 26,
paragraph 5, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall
inform all States referred to in paragraph I of the same article
of the following particulars:
(a) Signatures, ratifications and accessions under article 26;
(b) The date of the entry into force of the present Covenant
    under article 27 and the date of the entry into force of any
    amendments under article 29.
Article 31
1. The present Covenant, of which the Chinese, English, French,
   Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be
   deposited in the archives of the United Nations.
2. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall transmit
   certified copies of the present Covenant to all States
   referred to in article 26.
IN FAITH WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorized thereto
by their respective Governments, have signed the present
Covenant, opened for signature at New York, on the nineteenth
day of December, one thousand nine hundred and sixty-six.

前  文
本公約締約國，
鑒於依據聯合國憲章揭示之原則，人類一家，對於人人天賦尊嚴及其平等
而且不可割讓權利之確認，實係世界自由、正義與和平之基礎，
確認此種權利源於天賦人格尊嚴，
確認依據世界人權宣言之昭示，唯有創造環境，使人人除享有經濟社會文
化權利而外，並得享受公民及政治權利，始克實現自由人類享受公民及政
治自由無所恐懼不虞匱乏之理想。
鑒於聯合國憲章之規定，各國負有義務，必須促進人權及自由之普遍尊重
及遵守，
明認個人對他人及對其隸屬之社會，負有義務，故職責所在，必須力求本
公約所確認各種權利之促進及遵守，
爰議定條款如下：
第壹編
第一條  
一  所有民族均享有自決權，根據此種權利，自由決定其政治地位並自由
    從事其經濟、社會與文化之發展。
二  所有民族得為本身之目的，自由處置其天然財富及資源，但不得妨害
    因基於互惠原則之國際經濟合作及因國際法而生之任何義務。無論在
    何種情形下，民族之生計，不容剝奪。
三  本公約締約國，包括負責管理非自治及託管領土之國家在內，均應遵
    照聯合國憲章規定，促進自決權之實現，並尊重此種權利。
第貳編
第二條
一  本公約締約國承允尊重並確保所有境內受其管轄之人，無分種族、膚
    色、性別、語言、宗教、政見或其他主張民族本源或社會階級、財產
    、出生或其他身分等等，一律享受本公約所確認之權利。
二  本公約締約國承允遇現行立法或其他措施尚無規定時，各依本國憲法
    程序，並遵照本公約規定，採取必要步驟，制定必要之立法或其他措
    施，以實現本公約所確認之權利。
三  本公約締約國承允：
（一）確保任何人所享本公約確認之權利或自由如遭受侵害，均獲有效之
      救濟，公務員執行職務所犯之侵權行為，亦不例外；
（二）確保上項救濟聲請人之救濟權利，由主管司法、行政或立法當局裁
      定，或由該國法律制度規定之其他主管當局裁定，並推廣司法救濟
      之機會；
（三）確保上項救濟一經核准，主管當局概予執行。
第三條        
本公約締約國承允確保本公約所載一切公民及政治權利之享受，男女權利
，一律平等。
第四條        
一  如經當局正式宣布緊急狀態，危及國本，本公約締約國得在此種危急
    情勢絕對必要之限度內，採取措施，減免履行其依本公約所負之義務
    ，但此種措施不得牴觸其依國際法所負之其他義務，亦不得引起純粹
    以種族、膚色、性別、語言、宗教或社會階級為根據之歧視。
二  第六條、第七條、第八條（第一項及第二項）、第十一條、第十五條
    、第十六條及第十八條之規定，不得依本條規定減免履行。
三  本公約締約國行使其減免履行義務之權利者，應立即將其減免履行之
    條款，及減免履行之理由，經由聯合國秘書長轉知本公約其他締約國
    。其終止減免履行之日期，亦應另行移文秘書長轉知。
第五條        
一  本公約條文不得解釋為國家、團體或個人有權從事活動或實行行為，
    破壞本公約確認之任何一種權利與自由，或限制此種權利與自由逾越
    本公約規定之程度。
二  本公約締約國內依法律、公約、條例或習俗而承認或存在之任何基本
    人權，不得藉口本公約未予確認或確認之範圍較狹，而加以限制或減
    免義務。
第參編
第六條        
一  人人皆有天賦之生存權。此種權利應受法律保障。任何人之生命不得
    無理剝奪。
二  凡未廢除死刑之國家，非犯情節最重大之罪，且依照犯罪時有效並與
    本公約規定及防止及懲治殘害人群罪公約不牴觸之法律，不得科處死
    刑。死刑非依管轄法院終局判決，不得執行。
三  生命之剝奪構成殘害人群罪時，本公約締約國公認本條不得認為授權
    任何締約國以任何方式減免其依防止及懲治殘害人群罪公約規定所負
    之任何義務。
四  受死刑宣告者，有請求特赦或減刑之權。一切判處死刑之案件均得邀
    大赦、特赦或減刑。
五  未滿十八歲之人犯罪，不得判處死刑；懷胎婦女被判死刑，不得執行
    其刑。
六  本公約締約國不得援引本條，而延緩或阻止死刑之廢除。
第七條        
任何人不得施以酷刑，或予以殘忍、不人道或侮辱之處遇或懲罰。非經本
人自願同意，尤不得對任何人作醫學或科學試驗。
第八條        
一  任何人不得使充奴隸；奴隸制度及奴隸販賣，不論出於何種方式，悉
    應禁止。
二  任何人不得使充奴工。
三
（一）任何人不得使服強迫或強制之勞役；
（二）凡犯罪刑罰得科苦役徒刑之國家，如經管轄法院判處此刑，不得根
      據第三項（一）款規定，而不服苦役；
（三）本項所稱〝強迫或強制勞役〞不包括下列各項：
   （1）經法院依法命令拘禁之人，或在此種拘禁假釋期間之人，通常必
        須擔任而不屬於（二）款範圍之工作或服役；
   （2）任何軍事性質之服役，及在承認人民可以本其信念反對服兵役之
        國家，依法對此種人徵服之國民服役；
   （3）遇有緊急危難或災害禍患危及社會生命安寧時徵召之服役；
   （4）為正常公民義務一部分之工作或服役。
第九條        
一  人人有權享有身體自由及人身安全。任何人不得無理予以逮捕或拘禁
    。非依法定理由及程序，不得剝奪任何人之自由。
二  執行逮捕時，應當場向被捕人宣告逮捕原因，並應隨即告知被控案由
    。
三  因刑事罪名而被逮捕或拘禁之人，應迅即解送法官或依法執行司法權
    力之其他官員，並應於合理期間內審訊或釋放。候訊人通常不得加以
    羈押，但釋放得令具報，於審訊時，於司法程序之任何其他階段、並
    於一旦執行判決時，候傳到場。
四  任何人因逮捕或拘禁而被奪自由時，有權聲請法院提審，以迅速決定
    其拘禁是否合法，如屬非法，應即令釋放。
五  任何人受非法逮捕或拘禁者，有權要求執行損害賠償。
第十條        
一  自由被剝奪之人，應受合於人道及尊重其天賦人格尊嚴之處遇。
二  
（一）除特殊情形外，被告應與判決有罪之人分別羈押，且應另予與其未
      經判決有罪之身分相稱之處遇；
（二）少年被告應與成年被告分別羈押，並應儘速即予判決。
三  監獄制度所定監犯之處遇，應以使其悛悔自新，重適社會生活為基本
    目的。少年犯人應與成年犯人分別拘禁，且其處遇應與其年齡及法律
    身分相稱。
第十一條        
任何人不得僅因無力履行契約義務，即予監禁。
第十二條        
一  在一國領土內合法居留之人，在該國領土內有遷徙往來之自由及擇居
    之自由。
二  人人應有自由離去任何國家，連其本國在內。
三  上列權利不得限制，但法律所規定、保護國家安全、公共秩序、公共
    衛生或風化、或他人權利與自由所必要，且與本公約所確認之其他權
    利不牴觸之限制，不在此限。
四  人人進入其本國之權，不得無理褫奪。
第十三條        
本公約締約國境內合法居留之外國人，非經依法判定，不得驅逐出境，且
除事關國家安全必須急速處分者外，應准其提出不服驅逐出境之理由，及
聲請主管當局或主管當局特別指定之人員予以覆判，並為此目的委託代理
人到場申訴。
第十四條        
一  人人在法院或法庭之前，悉屬平等。任何人受刑事控告或因其權利義
    務涉訟須予判定時，應有權受獨立無私之法定管轄法庭公正公開審問
    。法院得因民主社會之風化、公共秩序或國家安全關係，或於保護當
    事人私生活有此必要時，或因情形特殊公開審判勢必影響司法而在其
    認為絕對必要之限度內，禁止新聞界及公眾旁聽審判程序之全部或一
    部；但除保護少年有此必要，或事關婚姻爭執或子女監護問題外，刑
    事民事之判決應一律公開宣示。
二  受刑事控告之人，未經依法確定有罪以前，應假定其無罪。
三  審判被控刑事罪時，被告一律有權平等享受下列最低限度之保障：
（一）迅即以其通曉之語言，詳細告知被控罪名及案由；
（二）給予充分之時間及便利，準備答辯並與其選任之辯護人聯絡；
（三）立即受審，不得無故稽延；     
（四）到庭受審，及親自答辯或由其選任辯護人答辯；未經選任辯護人者
      ，應告以有此權利；法院認為審判有此必要時，應為其指定公設辯
      護人，如被告無資力酬償，得免付之；
（五）得親自或間接詰問他造證人，並得聲請法院傳喚其證人在與他造證
      人同等條件下出庭作證；
（六）如不通曉或不能使用法院所用之語言，應免費為備通譯協助之；
（七）不得強迫被告自供或認罪。
四  少年之審判，應顧念被告年齡及宜使其重適社會生活，而酌定程序。
五  經判定犯罪者，有權聲請上級法院依法覆判其有罪判決及所科刑罰。
六  經終局判決判定犯罪，如後因提出新證據或因發見新證據，確實證明
    原判錯誤而經撤銷原判或免刑者，除經證明有關證據之未能及時披露
    ，應由其本人全部或局部負責者外，因此判決而服刑之人應依法受損
    害賠償。
七  任何人依一國法律及刑事程序經終局判決判定有罪或無罪開釋者，不
    得就同一罪名再予審判或科刑。
第十五條        
一  任何人之行為或不行為，於發生當時依內國法及國際法均不成罪者，
    不為罪。刑罰不得重於犯罪時法律所規定。犯罪後之法律規定減科刑
    罰者，從有利於行為人之法律。
二  任何人之行為或不行為，於發生當時依各國公認之一般法律原則為有
    罪者，其審判與刑罰不受本條規定之影響。
第十六條        
人人在任何所在有被承認為法律人格之權利。
第十七條        
一  任何人之私生活、家庭、住宅或通信，不得無理或非法侵擾，其名譽
    及信用，亦不得非法破壞。
二  對於此種侵擾或破壞，人人有受法律保護之權利。
第十八條        
一  人人有思想、信念及宗教之自由。此種權利包括保有或採奉自擇之宗
    教或信仰之自由，及單獨或集體、公開或私自以禮拜、戒律、躬行及
    講授表示其宗教或信仰之自由。
二  任何人所享保有或採奉自擇之宗教或信仰之自由，不得以脅迫侵害之
    。
三  人人表示其宗教或信仰之自由，非依法律，不受限制，此項限制以保
    障公共安全、秩序、衛生或風化或他人之基本權利自由所必要者為限
    。
四  本公約締約國承允尊重父母或法定監護人確保子女接受符合其本人信
    仰之宗教及道德教育之自由。
第十九條        
一  人人有保持意見不受干預之權利。
二  人人有發表自由之權利；此種權利包括以語言、文字或出版物、藝術
    或自己選擇之其他方式，不分國界，尋求、接受及傳播各種消息及思
    想之自由。
三  本條第二項所載權利之行使，附有特別責任及義務，故得予以某種限
    制，但此種限制以經法律規定，且為下列各項所必要者為限：
（一）尊重他人權利或名譽；
（二）保障國家安全或公共秩序，或公共衛生或風化。  
第二十條        
一  任何鼓吹戰爭之宣傳，應以法律禁止之。
二  任何鼓吹民族、種族或宗教仇恨之主張，構成煽動歧視、敵視或強暴
    者，應以法律禁止之。
第二十一條      
和平集會之權利，應予確認。除依法律之規定，且為民主社會維護國家安
全或公共安寧、公共秩序、維持公共衛生或風化、或保障他人權利自由所
必要者外，不得限制此種權利之行使。
第二十二條
一  人人有自由結社之權利，包括為保障其本身利益而組織及加入工會之
    權利。
二  除依法律之規定，且為民主社會維護國家安全或公共安寧、公共秩序
    、維持公共衛生或風化、或保障他人權利自由所必要者外，不得限制
    此種權利之行使。本條並不禁止對軍警人員行使此種權利，加以合法
    限制。
三  關於結社自由及保障組織權利之國際勞工組織一九四八年公約締約國
    ，不得根據本條採取立法措施或應用法律，妨礙該公約所規定之保證
    。
第二十三條
一  家庭為社會之自然基本團體單位，應受社會及國家之保護。
二  男女已達結婚年齡者，其結婚及成立家庭之權利應予確認。
三  婚姻非經婚嫁雙方自由完全同意，不得締結。
四  本公約締約國應採取適當步驟，確保夫妻在婚姻方面，在婚姻關係存
    續期間，以及在婚姻關係消滅時，雙方權利責任平等。婚姻關係消滅
    時，應訂定辦法，對子女予以必要之保護。
第二十四條
一  所有兒童有權享受家庭、社會及國家為其未成年身分給予之必需保護
    措施，不因種族、膚色、性別、語言、宗教、民族本源或社會階級、
    財產、或出生而受歧視。
二  所有兒童出生後應立予登記，並取得名字。
三  所有兒童有取得國籍之權。
第二十五條
一  凡屬公民，無分第二條所列之任何區別，不受無理限制，均應有權利
    及機會：
（一）直接或經由自由選擇之代表參與政事；
（二）在真正、定期之選舉中投票及被選。選舉權必須普及而平等，選舉
      應以無記名投票法行之，以保證選民意志之自由表現；
（三）以一般平等之條件，服本國公職。
第二十六條
人人在法律上一律平等，且應受法律平等保護，無所歧視。在此方面，法
律應禁止任何歧視，並保證人人享受平等而有效之保護，以防因種族、膚
色、性別、語言、宗教、政見或其他主張、民族本源或社會階級、財產、
出生或其他身分而生之歧視。
第二十七條
凡有種族、宗教或語言少數團體之國家，屬於此類少數團體之人，與團體
中其他分子共同享受其固有文化、信奉躬行其固有宗教或使用其固有語言
之權利，不得剝奪之。
第肆編
第二十八條
一  茲設置人權事宜委員會（本公約下文簡稱委員會）委員十八人，執行
    以下規定之職務。
二  委員會委員應為本公約締約國國民，品格高尚且在人權問題方面聲譽
    素著之人士；同時並應計及宜選若干具有法律經驗之人士擔任委員。
三  委員會委員以個人資格當選任職。
第二十九條
一  委員會之委員應自具備第二十八條所規定資格並經本公約締約國為此
    提名之人士名單中以無記名投票選舉之。
二  本公約各締約國提出人選不得多於二人，所提人選應為提名國國民。
三  候選人選，得續予提名。
第三十條
一  初次選舉至遲應於本公約開始生效後六個月內舉行。
二  除依據第三十四條規定宣告出缺而舉行之補缺選舉外，聯合國秘書長
    至遲應於委員會各次選舉日期四個月前以書面邀請本公約締約國於三
    個月內提出委員會委員候選人。
三  聯合國秘書長應就所提出之候選人，按照字母次序編製名單，標明推
    薦其候選之締約國，至遲於每次選舉日期一個月前，送達本公約締約
    國。
四  委員會委員之選舉應由聯合國秘書長在聯合國會所召集之締約國會議
    舉行之，該會議以締約國之三分之二出席為法定人數，候選人獲票最
    多且得出席及投票締約國代表絕對過半數票者當選為委員會委員。
第三十一條
一  委員會不得有委員一人以上為同一國家之國民。
二  選舉委員會委員時應計及地域公勻分配及確能代表世界不同文化及各
    主要法系之原則。
第三十二條
一  委員會委員任期四年。續經提名者連選得連任。但第一次選出之委員
    中九人任期應為二年；任期二年之委員九人，應於第一次選舉完畢後
    ，立由第三十條第四項所稱會議之主席，以抽籤方法決定之。
二  委員會委員任滿時之改選，應依照本公約本編以上各條舉行之。
第三十三條
一  委員會某一委員倘經其他委員一致認為由於暫時缺席以外之其他原因
    ，業已停止執行職務時，委員會主席應通知聯合國秘書長，由其宣告
    該委員出缺。
二  委員會委員死亡或辭職時，委員會主席應即通知聯合國秘書長，由其
    宣告該委員自死亡或辭職生效之日起出缺。
第三十四條
一  遇有第三十三條所稱情形宣告出缺，且須行補選之委員任期不在宣告
    出缺後六個月內屆滿者，聯合國秘書長應通知本公約各締約國，各締
    約國得於兩個月內依照第二十九條提出候選人，以備補缺。
二  聯合國秘書長應就所提出之候選人，按照字母次序編製名單，送達本
    公約締約國。補缺選舉應於編送名單後依照本公約本編有關規定舉行
    之。
三  委員會委員之當選遞補依第三十三條規定宣告之懸缺者，應任職至依
    該條規定出缺之委員會委員任期屆滿時為止。
第三十五條
委員會委員經聯合國大會核准，自聯合國資金項下支取報酬，其待遇及條
件由大會參酌委員會所負重大責任定之。
第三十六條
聯合國秘書長應供給委員會必要之辦事人員及便利，俾得有效執行本公約
所規定之職務。
第三十七條
一  委員會首次會議由聯合國秘書長在聯合國會所召集之。
二  委員會舉行首次會議後，遇委員會議事規則規定之情形召開會議。
三  委員會會議通常應在聯合國會所或日內瓦聯合國辦事處舉行之。
第三十八條
委員會每一委員就職時，應在委員會公開集會中鄭重宣言，必當秉公竭誠
，執行職務。
第三十九條
一  委員會應自行選舉其職員，任期二年，連選得連任。
二  委員會應自行制定議事規則，其中應有下列規定：
（一）委員十二人構成法定人數；
（二）委員會之決議以出席委員過半數之同意為之。
第四十條
一  本公約締約國承允依照下列規定，各就其實施本公約所確認權利而採
    取之措施，及在享受各種權利方面所獲之進展，提具報告書：
（一）本公約對關係締約國生效後一年內；
（二）其後遇委員會提出請求時。
二  所有報告書應交由聯合國秘書長轉送委員會審議。如有任何因素及困
    難影響本公約之實施，報告書應予說明。
三  聯合國秘書長與委員會商洽後得將報告書中屬於關係專門機關職權範
    圍之部分副本轉送各該專門機關。
四  委員會應研究本公約締約國提出之報告書。委員會應向締約國提送其
    報告書及其認為適當之一般評議。委員會亦得將此等評議連同其自本
    公約締約國收到之報告書副本轉送經濟暨社會理事會。
五  本公約締約國得就可能依據本條第四項規定提出之任何評議向委員會
    提出意見。
第四十一條
一  本公約締約國得依據本條規定，隨時聲明承認委員會有權接受並審議
    一締約國指稱另一締約國不履行本公約義務之來文。依本條規定而遞
    送之來文，必須為曾聲明其本身承認委員會有權之締約國所提出方得
    予以接受並審查。如來文關涉未作此種聲明之締約國，委員會不得接
    受之。依照本條規定接受之來文應照下開程序處理：
（一）如本公約某一締約國認為另一締約國未實施本公約條款，得書面提
      請該締約國注意。受請國應於收到此項來文三個月內，向遞送來文
      之國家書面提出解釋或任何其他聲明，以闡明此事，其中應在可能
      及適當範圍內，載明有關此事之本國處理辦法，及業經採取或正在
      決定或可資援用之救濟辦法。
（二）如在受請國收到第一件來文後六個月內，問題仍未獲關係締約國雙
      方滿意之調整，當事國任何一方均有權通知委員會及其他一方，將
      事件提交委員會。
（三）委員會對於提請處理之事件，應於查明對此事件可以運用之國內救
      濟辦法悉已援用無遺後，依照公認之國際法原則處理之。但如救濟
      辦法之實施有不合理之拖延，則不在此限。
（四）委員會審查本條所稱之來文時應舉行不公開會議。
（五）以不牴觸（三）款之規定為限，委員會應斡旋關係締約國俾以尊重
      本公約所確認之人權及基本自由為基礎，友善解決事件。
（六）委員會對於提請處理之任何事件，得請（二）款所稱之關係締約國
      提供任何有關情報。
（七）（二）款所稱關係締約國有權於委員會審議此事件時出席並提出口
      頭及 / 或書面陳述。
（八）委員會應於接獲依（二）款所規定通知之日起十二個月內提出報告
      書：
   （1）如已達成（五）款規定之解決辦法，委員會報告書應以扼要敘述
        事實及所達成之解決辦法為限。
   （2）如未達成（五）款規定之解決辦法，委員會報告書應以扼要敘述
        事實為限；關係締約國提出之書面陳述及口頭陳述紀錄應附載於
        報告書內。
    關於每一事件，委員會應將報告書送達各關係締約國。
二  本條之規定應於本公約十締約國發表本條第一項所稱之聲明後生效。
    此種聲明應由締約國交存聯合國秘書長，由秘書長將聲明副本轉送其
    他締約國。締約國得隨時通知秘書長撤回聲明。此種撤回不得影響對
    業經依照本條規定遞送之來文中所提事件之審議；秘書長接得撤回通
    知後，除非關係締約國另作新聲明，該國再有來文時不予接受。
第四十二條
一
（一）如依第四十一條之規定提請委員會處理之事件未能獲得關係締約國
      滿意之解決，委員會得經關係締約國事先同意，指派一專設和解委
      員會（下文簡稱和委會）。和委會應為關係締約國斡旋，俾以尊重
      本公約為基礎，和睦解決問題；
（二）和委會由關係締約國接受之委員五人組成之。如關係締約國於三個
      月內對和委會組成之全部或一部未能達成協議，未得協議之和委會
      委員應由委員會用無記名投票法以三分之二之多數自其本身委員中
      選出之。
二  和委會委員以個人資格任職。委員不得為關係締約國之國民，或為非
    本公約締約國之國民，或未依第四十一條規定發表聲明之締約國國民
    。
三  和委會應自行選舉主席及制定議事規則。
四  和委會會議通常應在聯合國會所或日內瓦聯合國辦事處舉行，但亦得
    於和委會諮商聯合國秘書長及關係締約國決定之其他方便地點舉行。
五  依第三十六條設置之秘書處應亦為依本條指派之和委會服務。
六  委員會所蒐集整理之情報，應提送和委會，和委會亦得請關係締約國
    提供任何其他有關情報。
七  和委會於詳盡審議案件後，無論如何應於受理該案件十二個月內，向
    委員會主席提出報告書，轉送關係締約國：
（一）和委會如未能於十二個月內完成案件之審議，其報告書應以扼要說
      明審議案件之情形為限；
（二）和委會如能達成以尊重本公約所確認之人權為基礎之和睦解決問題
      辦法，其報告書應以扼要說明事實及所達成之解決辦法為限；
（三）如未能達成（二）款規定之解決辦法，和委會報告書應載有其對於
      關係締約國爭執事件之一切有關事實問題之結論，以及對於事件和
      睦解決各種可能性之意見。此項報告書應亦載有關係締約國提出之
      書面陳述及所作口頭陳述之紀錄；
（四）和委會報告書如係依（三）款之規定提出，關係締約國應於收到報
      告書後三個月內通知委員會主席願否接受和委會報告書內容。
八  本條規定不影響委員會依第四十一條所負之責任。
九  關係締約國應依照聯合國秘書長所提概算，平均負擔和委會委員之一
    切費用。
十  聯合國秘書長有權於必要時在關係締約國依本條第九項償還用款之前
    ，支付和委會委員之費用。
第四十三條
委員會委員，以及依第四十二條可能指派之專設和解委員會委員，應有權
享受聯合國特權豁免公約內有關各款為因聯合國公務出差之專家所規定之
便利、特權與豁免。
第四十四條
本公約實施條款之適用不得妨礙聯合國及各專門機關之組織約章及公約在
人權方面所訂之程序，或根據此等約章及公約所訂之程序，亦不得阻止本
公約各締約國依照彼此間現行之一般或特別國際協定，採用其他程序解決
爭端。
第四十五條
委員會應經由經濟暨社會理事會向聯合國大會提送常年工作報告書。
第伍編
第四十六條
本公約之解釋，不得影響聯合國憲章及各專門機關組織法內規定聯合國各
機關及各專門機關分別對本公約所處理各種事項所負責任之規定。
第四十七條
本公約之解釋，不得損害所有民族充分與自由享受及利用其天然財富與資
源之天賦權利。
第陸編
第四十八條
一  本公約聽由聯合國會員國或其專門機關會員國、國際法院規約當事國
    及經聯合國大會邀請為本公約締約國之任何其他國家簽署。
二  本公約須經批准。批准書應送交聯合國秘書長存放。
三  本公約聽由本條第一項所稱之任何國家加入。
四  加入應以加入書交存聯合國秘書長為之。
五  聯合國秘書長應將每一批准書或加入書之交存，通知已經簽署或加入
    本公約之所有國家。
第四十九條
一  本公約應自第三十五件批准書或加入書送交聯合國秘書長存放之日起
    三個月後發生效力。
二  對於在第三十五件批准書或加入書交存後批准或加入本公約之國家，
    本公約應自該國交存批准書或加入書之日起三個月後發生效力。
第五十條
本公約各項規定應一律適用於聯邦國家之全部領土，並無限制或例外。
第五十一條
一  本公約締約國得提議修改本公約，將修正案提交聯合國秘書長。秘書
    長應將提議之修正案分送本公約各締約國，並請其通知是否贊成召開
    締約國會議，以審議並表決所提議案。如締約國三分之一以上贊成召
    開會議，秘書長應以聯合國名義召集之。經出席會議並投票之締約國
    過半數通過之修正案，應提請聯合國大會核可。
二  修正案經聯合國大會核可，並經本公約締約國三分之二各依本國憲法
    程序接受後，即發生效力。
三  修正案生效後，對接受此種修正之締約國具有拘束力；其他締約國仍
    受本公約原訂條款及其前此所接受修正案之拘束。
第五十二條
除第四十八條第五項規定之通知外，聯合國秘書長應將下列事項通知同條
第一項所稱之所有國家：
（一）依第四十八條所為之簽署、批准及加入；
（二）依第四十九條本公約發生效力之日期，及依第五十一條任何修正案
      發生效力之日期。
第五十三條
一  本公約應交存聯合國檔庫，其中、英、法、俄及西文各本同一作準。
二  聯合國秘書長應將本公約正式副本分送第四十八條所稱之所有國家。
為此，下列各代表秉其本國政府正式授予之權，謹簽字於自一九六六年十
二月十九日起得由各國在紐約簽署之本公約，以昭信守。

前  文
本公約締約國，
鑒於依據聯合國憲章揭示之原則，人類一家，對於人人天賦尊嚴，及其平
等而且不可割讓權利之確認，實係世界自由、正義與和平之基礎，
確認此種權利源於天賦人格尊嚴，
確認依據世界人權宣言之昭示，唯有創造環境，使人人除享有公民及政治
權利而外，並得享受經濟社會文化權利，始克實現自由人類享受無所恐懼
不虞匱乏之理想。
鑒於聯合國憲章之規定，各國負有義務，必須促進人權及自由之普遍尊重
及遵守，
明認個人對他人及對其隸屬之社會，負有義務，故職責所在，必須力求本
公約所確認各種權利之促進及遵守，
爰議定條款如下：
第壹編
第一條        
一  所有民族均享有自決權，根據此種權利，自由決定其政治地位及自由
    從事其經濟、社會與文化之發展。
二  所有民族得為本身之目的，自由處置其天然財富及資源，但不得妨害
    因基於互惠原則之國際經濟合作及因國際法而生之任何義務。無論在
    何種情形下，民族之生計，不容剝奪。
三  本公約締約國包括負責管理非自治及託管領土之國家在內，均應遵照
    聯合國憲章規定，促進自決權之實現並尊重此種權利。
第貳編
第二條        
一  本公約締約國承允盡其資源能力所及，各自並藉國際協助與合作，特
    別在經濟與技術方面之協助與合作採取種種步驟，務期以所有適當方
    法，尤其包括通過立法措施，逐漸使本公約所確認之各種權利完全實
    現。
二  本公約締約國承允保證人人行使本公約所載之各種權利，不因種族、
    膚色、性別、語言、宗教、政見或其他主張、民族本源或社會階級、
    財產、出生或其他身分等等而受歧視。
三  發展中國家在適當顧及人權及國民經濟之情形下，得決定保證非本國
    國民享受本公約所確認經濟權利之程度。
第三條        
本公約締約國承允確保本公約所載一切經濟社會文化權利之享受，男女權
利一律平等。
第四條        
本公約締約國確認人民享受國家遵照本公約規定所賦予之權利時，國家對
此類權利僅得加以法律明定之限制，又其所定限制以與此類權利之性質不
相牴觸為準，且加以限制之唯一目的應在增進民主社會之公共福利。
第五條        
一  本公約條文不得解釋為國家、團體或個人有權從事活動或實行行為，
    破壞本公約確認之任何權利或自由，或限制此種權利或自由逾越本公
    約規定之程度。
二  任何國家內依法律、公約、條例或習俗而承認或存在之任何基本人權
    ，不得藉口本公約未予確認或確認之範圍較狹，而加以限制或減免義
    務。
第參編
第六條        
一  本公約締約國確認人人有工作之權利，包括人人應有機會憑本人自由
    選擇或接受之工作謀生之權利，並將採取適當步驟保障之。
二  本公約締約國為求完全實現此種權利而須採取之步驟，應包括技術與
    職業指導及訓練方案、政策與方法，以便在保障個人基本政治與經濟
    自由之條件下，造成經濟、社會及文化之穩步發展以及充分之生產性
    就業。
第七條        
本公約締約國確認人人有權享受公平與良好之工作條件，尤須確保：
（一）所有工作者之報酬使其最低限度均能：
   （1）獲得公允之工資，工作價值相等者享受同等報酬，不得有任何區
        別，尤須保證婦女之工作條件不得次於男子，且應同工同酬；
   （2）維持本人及家屬符合本公約規定之合理生活水平；
（二）安全衛生之工作環境；
（三）人人有平等機會於所就職業升至適當之較高等級，不受年資才能以
      外其他考慮之限制；
（四）休息、閒暇、工作時間之合理限制與照給薪資之定期休假，公共假
      日亦須給酬。
第八條        
一  本公約締約國承允確保：
（一）人人有權為促進及保障其經濟及社會利益而組織工會及加入其自身
      選擇之工會，僅受關係組織規章之限制。除依法律之規定，且為民
      主社會維護國家安全或公共秩序、或保障他人權利自由所必要者外
      ，不得限制此項權利之行使；
（二）工會有權成立全國聯合會或同盟，後者有權組織或參加國際工會組
      織；
（三）工會有權自由行使職權，除依法律之規定，且為民主社會維護國家
      安全或公共秩序、或保障他人權利自由所必要者外，不得限制此種
      權利之行使；
（四）罷工權利，但以其行使符合國家法律為限。
二  本條並不禁止對軍警或國家行政機關人員行使此種權利，加以合法限
    制。
三  關於結社自由及保障組織權利之國際勞工組織一九四八年公約締約國
    ，不得依據本條採取立法措施或應用法律，妨礙該公約所規定之保證
    。
第九條        
本公約締約國確認人人有權享受社會保障，包括社會保險。
第十條        
本公約締約國確認：
一  家庭為社會之自然基本團體單位，應儘力廣予保護與協助，其成立及
    當其負責養護教育受扶養之兒童時，尤應予以保護與協助。婚姻必須
    婚嫁雙方自由同意方得締結。
二  母親於分娩前後相當期間內應受特別保護。工作之母親在此期間應享
    受照給薪資或有適當社會保障福利之休假。
三  所有兒童及少年應有特種措施予以保護與協助，不得因出生或其他關
    係而受任何歧視。兒童及青年應有保障、免受經濟及社會剝削。凡僱
    用兒童及少年從事對其道德或健康有害、或有生命危險、或可能妨礙
    正常發育之工作者均應依法懲罰。國家亦應訂定年齡限制，凡出資僱
    用未及齡之童工，均應禁止並應依法懲罰。
第十一條        
一  本公約締約國確認人人有權享受其本人及家屬所需之適當生活程度，
    包括適當之衣食住及不斷改善之生活環境。締約國將採取適當步驟確
    保此種權利之實現，同時確認在此方面基於自由同意之國際合作極為
    重要。
二  本公約締約國既確認人人有免受饑餓之基本權利，應個別及經由國際
    合作，採取為下列目的所需之措施，包括特定方案在內：
（一）充分利用技術與科學知識、傳佈營養原則之知識、及發展或改革土
      地制度而使天然資源獲得最有效之開發與利用，以改進糧食生產、
      保貯及分配之方法；
（二）計及糧食輸入及輸出國家雙方問題，確保世界糧食供應按照需要，
      公平分配。
第十二條        
一  本公約締約國確認人人有權享受可能達到之最高標準之身體與精神健
    康。
二  本公約締約國為求充分實現此種權利所採取之步驟，應包括為達成下
    列目的所必要之措施：
（一）設法減低死產率及嬰兒死亡率，並促進兒童之健康發育；
（二）改良環境及工業衛生之所有方面；
（三）預防、療治及撲滅各種傳染病、風土病、職業病及其他疾病；
（四）創造環境，確保人人患病時均能享受醫藥服務與醫藥護理。  
第十三條        
一  本公約締約國確認人人有受教育之權。締約國公認教育應謀人格及人
    格尊嚴意識之充分發展，增強對人權與基本自由之尊重。締約國又公
    認教育應使人人均能參加自由社會積極貢獻，應促進各民族間及各種
    族、人種或宗教團體間之了解、容恕及友好關係，並應推進聯合國維
    持和平之工作。
二  本公約締約國為求充分實現此種權利起見，確認：
（一）初等教育應屬強迫性質，免費普及全民；
（二）各種中等教育，包括技術及職業中等教育在內，應以一切適當方法
      ，特別應逐漸採行免費教育制度，廣行舉辦，庶使人人均有接受機
      會；
（三）高等教育應根據能力，以一切適當方法，特別應逐漸採行免費教育
      制度，使人人有平等接受機會；
（四）基本教育應儘量予以鼓勵或加緊辦理，以利未受初等教育或未能完
      成初等教育之人；
（五）各級學校完備之制度應予積極發展，適當之獎學金制度應予設置，
      教育人員之物質條件亦應不斷改善。
三  本公約締約國承允尊重父母或法定監護人為子女選擇符合國家所規定
    或認可最低教育標準之非公立學校，及確保子女接受符合其本人信仰
    之宗教及道德教育之自由。
四  本條任何部分不得解釋為干涉個人或團體設立及管理教育機構之自由
    ，但以遵守本條第一項所載原則及此等機構所施教育符合國家所定最
    低標準為限。
第十四條        
本公約締約國倘成為締約國時尚未能在其本土或其所管轄之其他領土內推
行免費強迫初等教育，承允在兩年內訂定周詳行動計劃，庶期在計劃所訂
之合理年限內，逐漸實施普遍免費強迫教育之原則。
第十五條        
一  本公約締約國確認人人有權：
（一）參加文化生活；
（二）享受科學進步及其應用之惠；
（三）對其本人之任何科學、文學或藝術作品所獲得之精神與物質利益，
      享受保護之惠。
二  本公約締約國為求充分實現此種權利而採取之步驟，應包括保存、發
    揚及傳播科學與文化所必要之辦法。
三  本公約締約國承允尊重科學研究及創作活動所不可缺少之自由。
四  本公約締約國確認鼓勵及發展科學文化方面國際接觸與合作之利。
第肆編
第十六條        
一  本公約締約國承允依照本公約本編規定，各就其促進遵守本公約所確
    認各種權利而採取之措施及所獲之進展，提具報告書。
二
（一）所有報告書應提交聯合國秘書長，秘書長應將副本送由經濟暨社會
      理事會依據本公約規定審議；
（二）如本公約締約國亦為專門機關會員國，其所遞報告書或其中任何部
      分涉及之事項，依據各該專門機關之組織法係屬其責任範圍者，聯
      合國秘書長亦應將報告書副本或其中任何有關部份，轉送各該專門
      機關。
第十七條        
一  本公約締約國應按經濟暨社會理事會於本公約生效後一年內與締約國
    及各有關專門機關商洽訂定之辦法，分期提出報告書。
二  報告書中得說明由於何種因素或困難以致影響本公約所規定各種義務
    履行之程度。
三  倘有關之情報前經本公約締約國提送聯合國或任何專門機關在案，該
    國得僅明確註明該項情報已見何處，不必重行提送。
第十八條        
經濟暨社會理事會得依其根據聯合國憲章所負人權及基本自由方面之責任
與各專門機關商訂辦法，由各該機關就促進遵守本公約規定屬其工作範圍
者所獲之進展，向理事會具報。此項報告書並得詳載各該機關之主管機構
為實施本公約規定所通過決議及建議之內容。
第十九條        
經濟暨社會理事會得將各國依第十六條及第十七條之規定，以及各專門機
關依第十八條之規定，就人權問題提出之報告書，交由人權委員會研討並
提具一般建議，或斟酌情形供其參考。
第二十條        
本公約各關係締約國及各關係專門機關得就第十九條所稱之任何一般建議
、或就人權委員會任何報告書或此項報告書所述及任何文件中關於此等一
般建議之引證，向經濟暨社會理事會提出評議。
第二十一條      
經濟暨社會理事會得隨時向大會提出報告書，連同一般性質之建議，以及
從本公約締約國與各專門機關收到關於促進普遍遵守本公約確認之各種權
利所採措施及所獲進展之情報撮要。
第二十二條
經濟暨社會理事會得將本公約本編各項報告書中之任何事項，對於提供技
術協助之聯合國其他機關，各該機關之輔助機關及各專門機關，可以助其
各就職權範圍，決定可能促進切實逐步實施本公約之各項國際措施是否得
當者，提請各該機關注意。
第二十三條
本公約締約國一致認為實現本公約所確認權利之國際行動，可有訂立公約
、通過建議、提供技術協助及舉行與關係國政府會同辦理之區域會議及技
術會議從事諮商研究等方法。
第二十四條
本公約之解釋，不得影響聯合國憲章及各專門機關組織法內規定聯合國各
機關及各專門機關分別對本公約所處理各種事項所負責任之規定。
第二十五條
本公約之解釋，不得損害所有民族充分與自由享受及利用其天然財富與資
源之天賦權利。
第伍編
第二十六條
一  本公約聽由聯合國會員國或其專門機關會員國、國際法院規約當事國
    及經聯合國大會邀請為本公約締約國之任何其他國家簽署。
二  本公約須經批准。批准書應送交聯合國秘書長存放。
三  本公約聽由本條第一項所稱之任何國家加入。
四  加入應以加入書交存聯合國秘書長為之。
五  聯合國秘書長應將每一批准書或加入書之交存，通知已經簽署或加入
    本公約之所有國家。
第二十七條
一  本公約應自第三十五件批准書或加入書送交聯合國秘書長存放之日起
    三個月後發生效力。
二  對於在第三十五件批准書或加入書交存後批准或加入本公約之國家，
    本公約應自該國交存批准書或加入書之日起三個月後發生效力。
第二十八條
本公約各項規定應一律適用於聯邦國家之全部領土，並無限制或例外。
第二十九條
一  本公約締約國得提議修改本公約，將修正案提交聯合國秘書長。秘書
    長應將提議之修正案分送本公約各締約國，並請其通知是否贊成召開
    締約國會議，以審議並表決所提議案。如締約國三分之一以上贊成召
    開會議，秘書長應以聯合國名義召集之。經出席會議並投票之締約國
    過半數通過之修正案，應提請聯合國大會核可。
二  修正案經聯合國大會核可，並經本公約締約國三分之二各依本國憲法
    程序接受後，即發生效力。
三  修正案生效後，對接受此種修正之締約國具有拘束力；其他締約國仍
    受本公約原訂條款及其前此所接受修正案之拘束。
第三十條
除第二十六條第五項規定之通知外，聯合國秘書長應將下列事項通知同條
第一項所稱之所有國家：
（一）依第二十六條所為之簽署、批准及加入；
（二）依第二十七條本公約發生效力之日期，及依第二十九條任何修正案
      發生效力之日期。
第三十一條
一  本公約應交存聯合國檔庫，其中、英、法、俄及西文各本同一作準。
二  聯合國秘書長應將本公約正式副本分送第二十六條所稱之所有國家。
為此，下列各代表秉其本國政府正式授予之權，謹簽字於自一九六六年十
二月十九日起得由各國在紐約簽署之本公約，以昭信守。